From those radiomics methods, texture analysis occupied a large part. In addition, the extracted features include histogram, shape-based features, texture-based features, wavelet features, gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), and run-length matrix (RLM). CONCLUSION Although radiomics analysis are already applied to AD and MCI diagnosis and classification, there still is a long way to go from these computer-aided diagnostic methods to the clinical application. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) is an important risk factor for cognitive impairment. However, it is unclear whether patients with ICAS are more likely to develop cognitive impairment after an acute, non-disabling ischemic stroke (minor stroke). OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between ICAS and post-stroke cognitive impairment. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, patients with acute, non-disabling ischemic stroke underwent two cognitive tests and imaging evaluation for ICAS, within two weeks after the stroke. To determine the association between ICAS and post-stroke cognitive impairment, we performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for several demographic and vascular risk factors. RESULTS Of the 164 patients with minor stroke in this study, 98 (59.76%) were diagnosed with post-stroke cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score less then 26). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that patients with ICAS were more likely to develop cognitive impairment after an acute, non-disabling ischemic stroke, compared to patients without ICAS (Odds Ratio 2.13; 95% Confidence Interval 1.07-4.26), and underperformed in the tests of visuospatial and executive function. CONCLUSION In this cross-sectional study of a population that has experienced a minor stroke, our findings demonstrated a positive association between ICAS and post-stroke cognitive impairment. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) has long been proposed as a cancer drug target. Several small molecule compounds with different mechanisms of SHP-2 inhibition have been reported, but none are commercially available. Pool selectivity over protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) and a lack of cellular activity have hindered the development of selective SHP-2 inhibitors. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mizagliflozin.html In this review, we describe the binding modes of existing inhibitors and SHP-2 binding sites, summarize the characteristics of the sites involved in selectivity, and identify the suitable groups for interaction with the binding sites. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Breast cancer, an intricate and highly heterogeneous disorder, has presently afflicted 2.09 million females globally. Nonetheless, chemoresistance remains a paramount challenge in the treatment of breast cancer. Owing to its assorted nature, the chemoresistant mechanisms of breast cancer still need intensive research. The presently available interventions are inadequate to target chemoresistance, therefore more efficient alternatives are urgently needed to improvise existing therapeutic regimens. A myriad of strategies is being explored, such as cancer stem cells (CSCs), immunotherapy, gene therapy, miRNA drug carriers and combination treatment to surmount chemoresistance. Accumulating evidence suggests that abnormalities related to the biogenesis of miRNAs are associated with breast cancer progression and chemoresistance. Additionally, miRNA has been found to mediate several cellular processes and the key markers of breast cancer. miRNAs thus are a promising option for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. CSCs possess responses to cancer treatment, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stimulation of signaling pathways mediating auto-renewal, expression of drug transporters or proteins detoxification. The screening of anticancer therapeutics that target CSCs could be another potential alternate for chemoresistant breast cancer. Nanoparticles as chemotherapeutics carriers including liposome, nanoemulsion, dendrimers, gold nanoparticles, etc put forward the options to have numerous drug or imaging agents for theranostics and combinational therapy. This review summarizes the chemoresistance mechanisms of miRNAs, CSCs as well as most recently documented therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chemoresistance in breast cancer. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Among gut microbiota's newly explored roles in human biology is the ability to modify the chemical structures of foreign compounds (xenobiotics). A growing body of evidence has now provided sufficient acumen on the role of the gut microbiota on xenobiotic metabolism, which could have intense impact on therapy for various diseases in future. Gut microbial xenobiotic metabolites have altered bioavailability, bioactivity and toxicity and can intervene with the actions of human xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes to affect the destiny of other ingested molecules. These modifications are diverse and could lead to physiologically important consequences. In the current manuscript we aim to review the data currently available on how the gut microbiota directly modifies drugs, dietary compounds, chemicals, pollutants, pesticides and herbal supplements. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Thiopurine drugs are used for treatment of pediatric diseases. Inter-individual differences in metabolism of these drugs greatly influence the risk of thiopurine induced toxicity and therapy failure. These differences are the consequence of genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic variability among patients. Pharmacogenomics aims to individualize therapy according to specific genetic signature of a patient. Treatment protocols based on thiopurine drugs have already been improved by applying pharmacogenomics in pediatric clinical practice. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to summarize the application of thiopurine pharmacogenomics in pediatric patients suffering from acute leukemias, different types of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as in post-transplant care. METHOD We searched PubMed/Medline database to identify thiopurine pharmacogenomic markers clinically relevant in pediatric diseases. RESULTS TPMT and NUDT15 pharmacogenomic testing is already in place in pediatric care, contributing to the reduction of thiopurine induced toxicity.